Deterrence
is a proactive endeavor meant to stop a hostile entity from taking an undesired
action. It is for self defence. Critical factors for deterrence are organization(order)
and containment(prevention) as will be discussed here.
Panga
1.
arrange, order, classify, plan, organize
Verb
-panga
(infinitive kupanga)
1.
to arrange, to classify, to plan, to organize, to set up
Related
terms
1.
upanga (“sword”)
The
word ‘Panga’ was also loaned into English meaning sword/machete.
Zuia
1.
prevent, contain, control
Verb
-zuia
(infinitive kuzuia)
1.
to prevent
2.
to keep back, to restrain, to control
Partial order sets (ordering)
Orders
are special binary relations. A binary relation associates elements of one set,
called the domain, with elements of another set, called the codomain. Binary
relations are used in many branches of quantitative models for a wide variety
of concepts. These include, among others:
·
the
"is greater than", "is equal to", and "divides"
relations in arithmetic;
·
the
"is congruent to" relation in geometry;
·
the
"is adjacent to" relation in graph theory;
·
the
"is orthogonal to" relation in linear algebra.
This
can also be translated into many qualitative models for a wide variety of
concepts. These include, among others:
·
the
“is bigger than”, “is wider than”, “is longer than” relations in size;
·
the
“better than” relation in sentiment;
·
the
“is higher than”, “is farther than”, “is deeper than” relations in distance;
·
the
“is faster than”, “is older than” relations in time.
Hasse
diagrams can visually represent the elements and relations of a partial
ordering. These are graph drawings where the nodes are the elements of the
partial order set and the ordering relation is indicated by both the edges and
the relative positioning of the vertices. For a hasse diagram to qualify as a
lattice, it must either be a chain (open/line or closed/polygon) which is a
function of comparable elements (e.g. either +1 or π ); or in the
case of an ordering set with incomparable elements (e.g. +1 and π in the same set),
each pair must have one near upper bound and one farthest lower bound where
they meet. If there is lacking either upper or lower meeting point, or there
are more than one meeting points for either near upper or farthest lower bound,
then it is not a lattice. Consider the illustration below:
The
illustration on the right is not a lattice because the incomparable pairs (b,g)
and (c,g) lack a definite least upper bound which disqualifies it as a lattice.
The diagram on the left rectifies that by adding an edge (g-d) which connects
both pairs through node (d). In an organizational sense, (b) and (c) would both
communicate to (d), then (d) passes the unified communication directly to (g).
This avoids the scenario of the communication having to go to (g) through two
channels (e&f).
Containment
The
word containment has one connotation in its meaning, but various denotations
may be utilized in different fields, from geopolitics, to computer programming,
to mathematics, to engineering and so forth. For avoiding ambiguity, we shall
look at containment in a geopolitical sense. Containment is a geopolitical
strategy to stop the expansion of an “enemy”.
Containment
was a geopolitical strategic foreign policy pursued by the United States during
the Cold War to prevent the spread of communism after the end of World War II.
The name was loosely related to the term ‘cordon sanitaire’, which was the
French containment of the Soviet Union from western Europe in the interwar
period. Containment represented a middle-ground position between détente
(relaxation of tensions) and rollback (actively replacing a regime).
United States Information
Service propaganda poster distributed in Asia depicting Juan dela Cruz ready to
defend the Philippines from the threat of communism. He is holding a
‘panga’(sword) named democracy.
Lattice
structure entities are defined in shape, stable and chemically inert, that is,
they don’t react and combine with foreign elements nor decay/decompose.
Generally,
containment theory is summarized as; - there are inner and outer forces of
containment that restrain an entity from positive or negative action depending
on circumstances: the inner forces stem from moral and religious beliefs as
well as from a personal sense of right and wrong; the outer forces come from
family members, teachers, authorities or others who influence the individual to
some degree. The effectiveness of containment forces can be influenced by
external factors such as effective supervision and internal factors such as
ideal self-concept. This set of binary relationship contains and controls
actions.
Counterintelligence
missions are the main programs used in political containment for maintaining status
quo by destroying self-containment mechanisms of opposing intelligence
organizations. This is like one lattice structure attacking another lattice
structure to destroy it. They function by creatively but vigorously attacking
the "structure and personnel of opposing intelligence services." The
attack on the structure is intended to destroy the external containment factors
(supervision), while the attack on personnel is intended to destroy the
internal containment factors (beliefs/conviction). Attack on the structure is
more overt while attack on the personnel is more covert.
Deterrence
It
is the act of making someone decide not to do something: the act of preventing
a particular act or behavior from happening.
One
approach to theorizing about deterrence has entailed the use of rational choice
and game-theoretic models of decision making. Rational deterrence theory
entails:
- Rationality - actors are rational;
- Unitary actor assumption - actors are understood as unitary;
- Diads - interactions tend to be between diads (or triads) of states;
- Strategic interactions - actors consider the choices of other actors;
- Cost-benefit calculations - outcomes reflect actors' cost-benefit calculations.
Huth
(1999) explains the four key factors for consideration under rational
deterrence theory: the military balance, signaling and bargaining power,
reputations for resolve, interests at stake.
References
Huth, P., Russett, B. (1984).
"What Makes Deterrence Work? Cases from 1900 to 1980". World
Politics. 36 (4): 496–526.
Huth, P. K. (1999),
"Deterrence and International Conflict: Empirical Findings and Theoretical
Debate", Annual Review of Political Science, 2: 25–48
Kennan, “X”., George F.
(1947). "The Sources of Soviet Conduct". Foreign Affairs. No. July
1947
Wisner, Frank G. (1993).
"On The Craft of Intelligence”
Comments
Post a Comment